Sweet potatoes have been adapted to shorter and cooler seasons but are originally a warm season plant, they
should do well very for you in California. Keep in mind that there are lot and I do mean a lot of different types of sweet potato. The "potato" is actually a
root rather than a tuber and can easily be induced into sprouting "slip" in a variety of ways. I do mine in damp sand as and in the picture below but the sand is mostly just to hold them in place as they sprout the slips and roots. They will do the same thing just partially submerged in water.
Just put some in water or wet sand in a warm window or even outside if it's warm
enough and they should make the slips. When they get four inches or so you can just pull or clip them off and plant. They are extremely easy to transplant. About any slip or stem cutting will easily sprout roots and take off growing. They actually do better it they have few to any roots when first planted. Just a couple little bumps on the stem is better than a bunch of roots. No need at all to pot the slips and establish a root system before planting out, just keep new slips watered very well for the first few days. In my
experience a single root can make many slips and will continue making more as you remove the first ones. Here, where a late spring might delay planting earlier slips can be cut into sections to make still more.
I have heard that market sweet potatoes are sometimes treated with chemicals that prevent sprouting but have never seen that myself. If you try it an don't get slips that could be the reason, just try again with some form a different source.
I'll stress again there are a LOT of different kinds. Different colors, different flavors, different growth habit and even different in how fast and how easily they sprout slips. Many types will produce a great harvest it about 100 days and at about that mark is generally when I harvest mine. Some types don't make any large potatoes (storage roots) at all, no matter how long the season.