Used windows and sliding glass doors can be had for cheap if not free. The big box hardware stores often install these products by subbing out the job to contractors. If you can get hold of these contractors, they usually take them to the dump.
More recent sliding glass doors have double walled safety glass, 72x34, makes a fine
greenhouse cover. If broken, they shatter into pieces about 1/8" wide. There are some which are sealed with argon between the glass sheets, providing a better insulating value.
Regular run of the mill glass from old houses/sheds/barns can be used. Some woodworking skills can help in building frames suitable for your use.
The plastic you speak of sounds like polycarbonate. It will hold up for a while but tends to get brittle after a few years. Glass is the best.