Hi Erica,
I'm originally from Kazakhstan, it's great to hear that there is a permaculture startup, it would be great to visit them when I'm back. I live in China now, and there is a fair number of people moving into permaculture here too.
Traditional Kazakh and Kyrgyz housing is of course the yurt, made of felt over wooden framing. While think felt provides good (though possibly a bit smelly) insulation, I have never seen it used to the full, like with fire, smoke and everything, so not sure how that would be. The Kazakhs have settled down during the Soviet period of their history, so if you want to experience the traditional lifestyle you should go to China or Mongolia.
In Uzbekistan and Tajikistan people have settled down long time ago, they used to build their houses from mud bricks or stones, and more prominent structures from red or yellow brick. I saw one ancient brick caravanserai in Uzbekistan desert built completely underground, an excellent shelter from extreme temperatures. Not sure is anyone alive now still has the skills though.
Let me know if you'd like to visit!
Marina