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The distinction between "woodland" and "forest" is subtle but significant within the context of permaculture, particularly in Paul Wheaton's approach to Wofati design. While "forest" implies a focus on traditional forestry practices, often associated with monoculture and resource extraction, "woodland" evokes a more holistic and interconnected ecosystem. Woodland management, as exemplified in Ben Law's books The Woodland Way and The Woodland Year, emphasizes sustainable practices that prioritize biodiversity, ecological balance, and human integration with the natural world. A woodland is seen as a space where humans are active participants, nurturing and benefiting from the ecosystem's abundance, similar to the Native American land management practices that inspire the HUSP (Horticulture of the United States of Pocahontas) concept. In contrast, a forest, within this framework, is often viewed as a resource to be exploited, a perspective that aligns with the concerns raised about conifer monocultures and their detrimental impact on biodiversity and soil health. Therefore, "woodland," as used in the context of Wofati, signifies a conscious shift towards a more harmonious and sustainable relationship between humans and the natural world. This distinction underscores the importance of terminology in shaping our understanding and approach to land management within the permaculture movement.
Dry outhouses offer a sustainable alternative to conventional flush toilets, aligning with permaculture principles of resource conservation and waste reduction. A well-designed dry outhouse, strategically situated on an elevated point to encourage water runoff, utilizes a pit for waste collection. To mitigate odors and promote composting, sawdust is a crucial element. A "no pee" policy, though challenging for women due to anatomical differences, helps maintain a dry environment, crucial for minimizing pathogen survival and groundwater contamination. This "dry" approach allows the waste to essentially mummify over time, becoming poop-jerky after two years. This aged material, though technically safe for vegetable gardens, is ideally used to nourish "poop beast" trees like willows, poplars, or cottonwoods, as part of a "willow feeder system." For optimal functionality and user comfort, urine diversion mechanisms are essential, particularly in mixed-gender settings. This separation of urine, a valuable fertilizer, further reduces the volume and toxicity of the solid waste, facilitating easier handling and nutrient cycling. The dry outhouse, therefore, presents a low-cost, eco-friendly sanitation solution that embodies the essence of permaculture's closed-loop systems.
Hugelkultur is soil on wood. When stacked seven feet high, it provides all of the water and nutrition for a full garden.