The main issues I see will be:
1) Mass load: must be low and centered; ballast.
2) Air supply - boats can have ventilation problems, absolutely no smoke or CO must be allowed to build up in enclosed spaces. The heater will help mitigate mildew, but the air supply to the compartment where it is located must be worked out well.
3)
Water: the logical place to install a mass heater is also the natural location of bilges. Earthen materials might not be suitable, or need to be oiled to the point of becoming linoleum.
4) Firestopping: the hull and bulkheads, and any combustible materials nearby, must be well protected from heat.
Similar in some ways to a basement build.
With the added quirk that your fuel supply may be Gyre trash, sun-dried kelp, and old rope.
Might be worth using
hot water as mass, or engine cooling water as thermal source, rather than an earthen mass heater.
We are also thinking about how to do "passive solar" on a boat, especially given that you have reflected cool light (more visible and UV, not quite as much heat) and direct full-spectrum light to work with.
Ventilation would be a great application for passive
solar boat design.
-Erica