Ben, John, thanks!
The area in question is very moist all year round, and under partial shade from a hornbeam, maples, and oaks; it does have some small (6' tall, scraggly) evergreens but I may trim those shortly so they don't cast shade on the ramps. What I ended up doing was planting them in the one spot that the goatweed hadn't yet taken over, and mulching them with oak and maple leaves. I'm going to try to kill off the goatweed using vinegar and sheet mulching, and probably transplant some of the ramps again in a year or two if I manage to get the goatweed mostly down. I won't extend the sheet mulching too close to the ramps. Between the evergreens and the goatweed, I'm basically just hoping the ramps survive this year to be moved to a slightly better spot later.
I think they'll have
enough shade, but it's hard to tell - I pulled down an invasive vine (porcelain berry) that contributed to some of the shade last year, and our neighbor trimmed a bunch of the trees, so it's possible there won't be enough shade now.
Oh well, it's an experiment!