Cade Johnson

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since Dec 21, 2023
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I am a retired chemical/environmental engineer, former sailor, and gentleman farmer in Puerto Rico. I am interested in permaculture, off-grid living, sustainability, and carbon dioxide removal.
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Recent posts by Cade Johnson

OP says there may have been inlet and outlet piping from the cistern, but locations are unknown. Since the cistern has always had water, they have probably not inspected the bottom for an outlet.

A bottom outlet is a nice thing, but may not have been a feature in an older cistern (when pumps were new-fangled gadgets). If there IS an outlet, it could be where the water goes - i.e. not a leak in the cistern wall as such. The outlet could be plugged and the cistern level could be monitored further. Maybe find a local scuba diver?

Having two cisterns is nice. You can empty one and do maintenance while still having a water supply in the other cistern. If you will depend on cistern water, two is almost essential.
6 days ago
It appears that Morus rotundiloba is now known as Morus indica. There is a wikipedia article on Morus indica which talks about characteristics for identification. The fruit of some Morus species start white or pale pink and then turn bright red before turning dark purple and black. So the fruit color may be not the best criterion to judge.
3 months ago
Someone gave us a black mulberry start years ago in the Dominican Republic and we wanted to take a start with us when we moved to Puerto Rico. But one cannot take live plants through the airport. So, we cut some woody stems (bark covered, rather than green stem), and packed them in our moving luggage with the chopsticks and bamboo cooking implements, where they passed muster as sufficiently dead-looking. A few days later, we stabbed them into moist dirt and kept them watered for a while (a month or so, as I recall) until they sprouted. They have each survived three years in poor soil and begun to bear fruit.

Mulberry, as far as I can tell, do not produce seeds (though my experience is limited to Morus nigra). So they are not the sort of plant that agricultural agencies need be worried about invading a non-native habitat. They are very robust - in north america they are found from the tropics to the latitude of Vancouver, though not in the northern Rockies so much. In europe they prosper from southern Spain to Denmark. In asia they live north to northern Japan and China. In the southern hemisphere, they are found south to Argentian, South Africa, Tasmania, and southern New Zealand. I guess in a sense, they have invaded quite well . . .
3 months ago
I was just commenting on "beaver dams 'designed' to fail" and lo and behold, almost same comments apply here! I once read a great novel by Neal Stephenson; Cryptonomicon - in which a nerdy mathematician contemplated his pedigree as the survivor of generations of the most vigorous and ruthless and horny beings on the planet - right back to single-cell days. He's not wrong. We think we're so smart, but we're biological creatures too. Some of us have reasoned (or for whatever other accidents of existence befell us) not to have babies. Others have them. We construct our mental models to conform with our reality - so those who have children and those who do not are equally able to defend their circumstances (my wife and I have had a GREAT life without kids; borrow them from neighbors - parents are ALWAYS glad to be rid of them for a while - and send 'em home when you're tired of them). Likewise each "side" can feel confident in advising others of the rich and self-affirming consequences of our own history. But with that said, arguments for having babies because there is some value to be had in furthering philosophical perspective, or filling unfilled terrain with additional humanity - when there are already over 8 billion humans apparently driven into their chosen philosophies by hindsight if they even think of philosophy at all when fornicating - seem kind of ridiculous to me. Let's face it, we'll consume all the nutrients in the petri dish because we (collectively) can. When the nutrients run out, the population will crash and perhaps some spores will be left to start another mold human colony when conditions are favorable. Just as nature intends.
not to set anyone on a dangerous path of spontaneous combustion, but a solar panel that is nominally 12V may well have a substantially higher <Voc> (open circuit voltage) - perhaps as high as 30V. It is designed to work with 12V batteries, but solar panels are pretty much constant current devices - that is, as long as they are in full sun they will deliver a pretty much constant current over a broad range of voltage. The current will drop as you approach Voc, but it does not keep rising as the voltage drops, which is why the panel can be connected to a 12V battery but also have such a high <Voc>. It is not constant wattage.

a 12V solar panel may well be able to directly charge an 18V tool battery by a direct connection. Check it out with a multi-meter.
3 months ago
when I was 6, and starting elementary school, mom started grad school and had to leave about a half hour before the school bus arrived. She started baking a chocolate sheet cake every weekend and we had an automatic coffee maker; so I began eating a piece of chocolate cake and a cup of coffee for breakfast and I still have that breakfast 60 years later. Oh, I have had all the other sorts of breakfasts, but I always come HOME. Nowadays it is not really chocolate cake as such, but a chocolate-banana scone recipe of my own invention - with whole wheat flour, corn meal, oats, raisins, molasses, a little bit of sugar, a healthy scoop of cocoa powder, and a few mashed up bananas. A half pecan on top of each of 12 units baked every six days; and accompanied by two cups of black coffee, no sugar. let me know if you want the recipe!
4 months ago
I used to have a diesel engine under the kitchen sink on my sailboat, and the admiral ordered me to "soundproof that thing!" I learned that the art of soundproofing is "decoupling" - so you alternate high density and low density; what will transmit easily through one density will often be attenuated or blocked by another density. If the wall is dense, add a foamy layer and then another dense layer. But if you also want to block wifi signal, then before anything, simply wallpaper the whole wall with aluminum foil; radio signals will not go through it. If there is any signal after a wall of aluminum in place; it is going over the top or reflecting from outside.
4 months ago
I had an avocado farm for about a decade in the Dominican Repermies. Avocado varieties are not true to the fruit; so trees grown from seed will produce "criollo" or wild fruit; generally with a relatively round shape and relatively little fruit mass compared to a cultivated variety. Also, the criollo form of an avocado tree is very tall with few low branches surviving - they are predominantly a forest species and saplings won't survive unless they surge to the canopy.

So, what good is a seed-grown avocado? Well, they tend to produce good roots. The common practice is to graft a desirable avocado cultivar onto seed-grown rootstock sooner or later. You'd let the seed grow as it will until it is well-established in soil, and then cut the trunk and graft a branch from a variety that is desired. If you plant the seed and let nature take its course, then you will have a very tall skinny tree and the avocadoes that fall will smash to bits when they hit the ground. Then you can cut that tree down and the stump will produce many new sprouts around the cut; you can graft to some of those and cut away the others - but ever after you have to be on guard against low sprouts from the root that will compete with the grafted branches.
4 months ago
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/1800-studies-later-scientists-conclude-homeopathy-doesnt-work-180954534/

The American psychologist B. F. Skinner studied animal behavior and in particular he famously studied pigeons. His pigeons were trained to peck a target to receive food. He manipulated the system so they had to peck many times to receive food - so they pecked much faster. When he made the reward time-random, they pecked fastest of all! When he took away the target and continued the random reward, they developed all sorts of odd behaviors which (apparently) they associated with some reward stimulus -- so one bird might be found hopping around on one leg and another might be standing with wings extended and a third might be pecking on a favorite cage bar. This is the very same model psychologists apply to human superstitious behaviors. If we try <something> and <favorable outcome ensues>, we are highly inclined to think the thing we tried is what caused the success. Once we know what works, we tend to be dismissive of counterfactual evidence because - as is absolutely true - life is complex. Fortunately, most of us do not become ill very often. Our individual opportunities to test remedies are mercifully few - so few as to be statistically insignificant on their own. But a well-designed scientific study can really cut through the fog of complexity in life. Such studies show no benefit to homeopathy, as such. But if my partner were to think <anything> made them happier, and I could do it; I would. It is not up to me to disabuse anyone of their firmly held beliefs. Life is complex.
4 months ago