G C Childers

Most of these trees are a pain in the arse.
The willow, however, is exceptionally well-suited for easy propagation and sizing with non-deft pruning. Simply cut a live branch and stick it in the ground. It can also be coppiced or pollarded to maintain a short height. Willow is excellent fodder for livestock and other uses. I've seen branches ranging from 1/8 inch to 6 inches in diameter used, with better results from those 2 inches or smaller. I have seen 6' tall x 4" stakes take at 90% in California non-irrigated, Arroyo willow.

Ranked List of Trees by Verified Average Daily Water Use

Weeping Willow: 100 gal/day - Aggressive roots heavily drain wetlands, unsuitable for dry or urban landscapes.

Cottonwood: 85 gal/day - Fast-growing with deep roots, dries out riparian zones and lowers water tables.

Black Poplar: 70 gal/day - Rapid growth and high transpiration reduce soil moisture in wet environments.

Sycamore: 60 gal/day - Broad root system dries urban landscapes and competes with nearby vegetation.

Tamarisk: 60 gal/day - Invasive species dries riverbeds and increases soil salinity in arid regions.

Silver Maple: 55 gal/day - Shallow, competitive roots reduce soil moisture and pose storm damage risks.

Bald Cypress: 50 gal/day - Wetland-adapted, its high water use stresses surrounding drier ecosystems.

Eucalyptus: 45 gal/day - Deep roots and high transpiration dry wetlands, problematic in water-scarce areas.

Black Walnut: 40 gal/day - Deep taproot competes for water, with allelopathic chemicals harming nearby plants.

River Birch: 35 gal/day - Absorbs significant water in wet soils, less invasive but still impactful.

Organic Matter Sequesters Aluminum

Organic matter (OM) sequesters aluminum (Al 7% of earth crust USA.) Salt fertilizers burn OM and acidify the soil. A low pH activates Al³⁺. Every 1% OM in the soil holds ~20,000 gallons of water per acre. Build OM to build your dirt into soil, hold water, and buffer Al. Under 4% OM, you have dirt. Above 4% OM, you begin to have healthy soil. (Lovel)

Grok (please) check me:
Science Check and Inputs

OM and Aluminum: OM forms complexes with Al³⁺, reducing its availability. Studies show 1% OM increase can cut soluble Al³⁺ by up to 50% in acidic soils (pH 4.5–5.5).
Salt Fertilizers: High-salt fertilizers (e.g., potassium chloride) accelerate OM decomposition and acidify soil, activating Al³⁺. For example, long-term use can drop pH by 0.5–1.0 units.

Water Retention: 1% OM increases soil water-holding capacity by ~20,000 gallons/acre (confirmed by USDA data), critical for drought resistance.
Building OM: Add cover crops (e.g., clover, rye), compost (2–5 tons/acre), or biochar (0.5–2 tons/acre). Reduce tillage to preserve OM. Manure boosts OM but risks nutrient overload. Rotate crops to enhance soil biology.

The 4% OM threshold distinguishes "dirt" from healthy soil, per USDA and Rodale Institute research. Below 4% OM, soils lack structure, water retention (~20-25k gallons/acre per 1% OM), and microbial activity, reducing fertility. Above 4% OM, soils improve in nutrient cycling and resilience. Caveat: Not universal—arid soils may thrive with <2% OM, tropical soils may need >6%. Context (climate, soil, crop) matters.

Aluminum in U.S. soil averages 7.1% (71,000 ppm), ranging 10,000–300,000 ppm. Soluble aluminum (Al³⁺) is toxic above 2–5 ppm in acidic soils (pH < 5.0), common in the Southeast, Northeast, and Midwest. No “recommended” level exists; ideal is <0.5 ppm (non-toxic). Liming raises pH to reduce toxicity. No nationwide data on toxic levels, but acidic soils affect 30–40% of arable land.