I don't think there is any solid information.. I learned that it's best to take with food just like any vitamin or supplement to help us get the best from it, but everywhere else says an hour before food or 2 hours after yet those same places that suggest that say it's ok to have in a smoothie.. it doesn't make sense to me.. i started taking it only in smoothies and with meals and doing that, alongside with herbal remedies, I've reversed my mild osteoarthritis (I have proof from Drs as I had X-rays and ultrasound sounds). but, for the first time in my life my iron levels were low.. and people have said you don't have it with food as it stops you from absorbing nutrients. It's negatively charged though meaning it only takes away nasty stuff that your body doesn't want. It's all contradicting.. but since I've been taking it without food, some pain has started to come back. I'm at a loss on how it should be taken..