Here's a pic of the Rumford style fireplace angles:
http://www.carbon-pros.com/image/rumford-icon.jpg from way down the page at
http://carbon-pros.com/blog1/personal/ The 2 things I'd add to Ernie's explanation (ask for more re-explanations if you need them):
1) How do you know your heat is getting into the room?
Think of the heat being sent out perpendicular to the flat walls. (It's re-radiated in all directions, but as a rough average this is pretty workable).
So you arrange it so that from where the walls meet at the back corner, the perpendicular "swath" radiated by each brick wall does not run into the opposite corner, but beams out into the room.
2) Coal exposure:
There are a lot more ways to make a fire than stacking it in a grate.
The way I've seen Ernie make fires in a Rumford fireplace, time and time again, is to stack the wood in a V, like one corner of a split-rail
fence, with the point of the V at the center of the back wall.
If they burn too quick at the center, you can shove 'em further in from the cold ends. But they generally burn pretty efficiently, not much smoke wasted, and many of the coals fall down into the center of the V instead of being hidden behind the wood.
If you think of the fire being placed at the focus of your reflector, instead of blocking itself, the heat-beaming properties are amplified amazingly. And it heats that back wall (the "rounded breast") which in turn makes the draft excellent.
You can get by with a smaller fire this way, and still get all the heating and viewing satisfaction.