Well, assuming that your stove, oven, and furnace all are equally efficient and it is winter time so you are heating your house, I would say the cast iron and oven are about equal in
energy use, so use the one that results in the best bread. A lot of energy may be used to heat up the cast iron, but you probably let the cast iron cool down in your kitchen so that heat energy is released to your house and (slightly) reduces the load on your furnace.