In nature, bigger fruit/nut trees provide the shade that you are talking about.
The leaves of mulberry trees for example are edible as a vegetable and it also bears edible fruits.
You can cut it every year, if it get too big. It only bears on new(current year) growth.
You can grow you regular annual/vegetable right up to the tree trunk, if you really wanted to use up every sq inch.
They is a long list of trees that you might consider most of them are just 10ft.
http://www.onegreenworld.com//index.php?cPath=1
You can also find cultivars that are more tolerant of your (hot, sunny, dry) conditions.
These guys might have what you are looking for. http:www.nativeseed.com
Iterations are fine, we don't have to be perfect
My 2nd Location:Florida HardinessZone:10 AHS:10 GDD:8500 Rainfall:2in/mth winter, 8in/mth summer, Soil:Sand pH8 Flat