John Elliott wrote:I'll point out that chemical fungicides should be considered everything-cides, since fungi have the most well developed pathways for breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (and then eating them). If a compound is toxic to fungi, almost every other multi-cellular organism is going to have to put considerable energy into degrading it. Take that amount of energy away from bees, and they can't defend from all the other hazards in their environment.
fungi are also a very important parts of a honey bee colony. they exist in bee guts, in fermenting honey and pollen, and likely elsewhere in the hive. much like humans have co-evolved with microörganisms in our guts, on our skin, and even in our cells, so have
honey bees.