If your water quality is fresh and cold -- as from a spring or seep -- you might want to try watercress or some of the other cresses. They are low-growing and make a good ground cover as well as being edible. The cattail is another good choice (as someone else suggested) if you don't worry about the fact that it can get pretty tall. Every part is either edible or useful in some way or other. You can eat the
roots, shoots and the immature heads (tastes like corn-on-the-cob if you boil and salt/butter them). You can use the fluff to stuff pillows or other things as a substitute for down, and the leaves are great for baskets. Rushes are another good wetland plant -- some have edible parts and most make good basket material or thatch. Equisetum (scouring rush) is good for cleaning pots and pans as well.
Other ideas...
Sagittaria (Arrowroot) -- pretty, edible and the powdered dried roots can be used for thickener in soups and stews, plus it is great for soothing upset tummies in cats and dogs. I have used it for years on our cats because so many of the over the counter things that are safe for dogs are not safe for cats. It works every time, and I have never come across a cat who didn't like it made into a kind of gravy with water or
milk.
Spring Beauties (Claytonia) will carpet the ground in spring and produce small tubers that taste a lot like water chestnuts. They only get a few inches tall and I know they will do well in rocks because we have them everywhere here in the Ozarks where our best crop is rocks.
If you want something more productive and don't mind a bit of height, you might try PawPaw or Serviceberry
trees. Both do well in wetter areas and will thrive in shallow, rocky soil. Both also produce fruits -- though the serviceberry (also called Juneberry) produces very small berries about the size of peas, and you will have to fight the birds for them. The fruits are heavenly -- like sweet cherries -- but you won't get a lot of them because the birds tend to eat them even before they are ripe. The tree is one of the first to bloom in spring, and is absolutely gorgeous. Pawpaws have large fruits that taste sort of like a banana custard.
There are also wild rice, onions and garlic, among hundreds of others. You should try looking at the USDA plant database or Plants for the Future. Or check out this website specifically for your area. I'm sure you will find more possibilities than you know what to do with.
http://green.kingcounty.gov/gonative/Index.aspx