Pellet guns are silent, so are an option for city bound people.
They are not fatal, but certainly send a "Not Welcome" message.
This is often even good in rural areas where 'things that go bang' are acceptable.
With the
vacuum effect, if you kill a territorial predator, another will move in to fill the void.
By just frightening the animal, he will remain in the territory, and chase off the others.
This is a win/win: he is now trained to leave your
yard alone, but will still keep others away from his territory.
He is now your guard.