Jamie Chevalier

Whether fennel is perennial for you depends on location, and on the strain. Varieties that are bred for the large edible stem base ("bulb") are more annual, though some older heirlooms have perennializing tendencies https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p553/Selma_Fino_Fennel.html More might be found to survive the winter if you can master the trick of where to cut when you harvest the bulbing types. Too low and the crown is killed, too high and the "bulb" falls apart. Harvesting stem-by-stem would give the plant a chance to show whether it can overwinter or not.

Usually the reason you see bronze fennel listed as a perennial and the others as annuals is that they are bulbing types--it's the non-bulbing, wilder plant that is perennial, whether it's tinted bronze or green. It dies back to the root and re-sprouts in spring in my zone. I suspect that the determining factor in whether it survives the winter is whether the ground freezes or not, but that's conjecture.

This is something that I have looked into before, and found a fairly definitive explanation.
Fennel, like many other plants in the parsley/carrot family, originated in summer-dry climates. In order to prevent the seeds from sprouting when there is not enough water for the plants to get well-established before the soil dries, their seeds are coated with natural germination inhibitors. Ever wonder why carrots and parsnips take so long to germinate? It's because the inhibitors must be washed off or biodegraded before the seed can sprout. If you soak and rinse them, they sprout much faster. In germination testing, seed companies routinely soak these seeds before trying to sprout them. In nature, the equivalent of soaking and rinsing is heavy rainfall or seasonal flooding.

Planting a few fennel seeds has little or no effect on neighboring plants. Nor does the presence of the plant itself poison other plants nearby (unlike black walnuts or wormwood, which both secrete poisons from their roots and foliage.) However, unlike carrots and parsnips, fennel is often grown to full maturity and allowed to set seed, which it does prolifically. It also can be perennial in mild climates, and turn into large plants that produce thousands of seeds year after year in the same location. A shower of fennel seeds can leach enough inhibitors into the soil to produce an effect on the germination of crops planted nearby.

You can remove the flower stalks as they start to form (and use them while soft and immature as a vegetable, as is done in Italy) or you can clip the seedheads before the seeds start to fall. Or you can grow fennel among other perennials, since existing plants are unlikely to be affected. I don't know about transplanting crop seedlings into soil where lots of fennel seed has fallen. I doubt that it would do more than slow them slightly; that's a topic for experiment. But as long as you realize that the culprit is a chemical that's found on the surface of the seeds, that the seeds need to be in the soil in fairly large quantities to have an effect, and that the poison is water-soluble, you have the tools to cope with it.

Interestingly, grasses (and other monocots like onions and lilies) tend to be immune to the inhibiting effect of this type of compound. So in climates like mine where fennel is an invasive weed along the roadside, you will see grasses around it, but not most wildflowers, which like many other broadleaf plants, are more sensitive to germination-inhibiting compounds. (Grasses and onions are even immune to juglone, and can grow directly under black walnut trees.)

Perennial Arugula, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, is a wild green from Mediterranean climates that is extremely deep-rooted and drought-tolerant. It's so easy to grow that it is more or less self-tending, even on rocky banks and other less-fertile places, and it volunteers often enough outside of the garden beds that we don't need to worry about sowing it anymore. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p295/Perennial_Arugula%2C_Rucola_selvatica%2C_Wild_Rocket_%22Sylvetta.html Of course it's lusher when there's water or nutrients, and we have massive clumps around our compost piles and near the chicken run. I've discovered that it's good cooked in pasta and soups, so I get a lot of use out of something I don't really have to tend.

Perpetual Spinach is  easy to grow, and higher-yielding than other leafy greens like kale. It's a type of chard that is milder-flavored, more tender, and more resistant to both heat and cold than regular "Swiss" type chard. Unlike many other perennials, it's also easy and quick to sprout, about the same as regular annual chard. The leaves regrow so quickly after picking that I find I get more meals per square foot than I do from other veg. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p9/Perpetual_Spinach_%28Leafbeet%29_Chard.html


Collards are also extremely easy in my climate, and the Old Timey Blue variety has proven perennial for me as well as providing food both summer and winter. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p337/Old-Timey_Blue_Collards.html

For green onions, we have the best luck with perennial walking onions. They make fat juicy leaves, seem immune to heat, and have a complex, onion/garlic flavor we love.

For fresh vegetables, I concentrate on leaves rather than flower buds or stems (e.i., kale or collards instead of broccoli) both for ease of growing and for high, continuous yields. Leaves are also higher in many nutrients than other parts of the plant.  Perpetual Spinach (a type of perennial chard) https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p9/Perpetual_Spinach_%28Leafbeet%29_Chard.html  gives us more meals over the course of the year than pretty much any other greens we've found. It's more heat-tolerant than kale, and very drought-tolerant for a vegetable. During the winter when it is dormant, collards https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p337/Old-Timey_Blue_Collards.html and turnip greens https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p503/Seven_Top_Turnip_Greens_%28Cima_di_Rapa%29.html  give us greens all winter and luscious budding stalks in spring.

In spring and fall, nothing grows faster and is more versatile than Asian greens. I like Mizuna and Bekana for spring salads, and Tatsoi all winter. Nappa cabbage is easy in fall, and made into kim-chee, it's a staple for us. Korean peppers mature early and have the perfect amount of heat for kim-chee. Both are easier for us to grow seasonally than the long-season European sauerkraut cabbages would be.

Of course, greens are not high in either calories (energy) or protein. That lack is easily filled by growing beans, peas, or other legumes. In our hot-summer climate, dry beans are an easy win. We especially like the King City Pink Bean, a California heirloom bean that is adapted to both short season and high temperatures. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p483/KIng_City_Pink_Bean.html  The flavor and texture are just superb. It feels like a real bonus that our favorite dry bean for flavor is also so easy to grow.  

Corn has been adopted by subsistence farmers all over the world because it gives a lot of easily-processed food without the need for elaborate soil prep, harvesting, or threshing. For rock-solid dependability, we like Carol Deppe's short-season polenta corn https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p111/Cascade_Ruby-Gold_Flint_Corn.html  For bigger yields, or for three-sisters planting, we've found an open-pollinated corn bred by a farmer who saw in the 1970's that corporate hybrids were taking over. He pooled many surviving o-p dent corns and came up with a superb variety he called Wapsie Valley Dent https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p396/Wapsie_Valley_Dent_Corn.html It seems more vigorous than most of the surviving heirloom corns.

To round out the staples, we grow winter squash. It takes a lot of space, but not all that space needs to be garden soil. We grow it at the edge of the garden and let it romp down a dry hillside. Our winter squash of choice is an heirloom from Idaho called Lower Salmon River, a very sweet, very long-storing squash https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p34/Lower_Salmon_River_Squash.html that is again easy to grow and adapted to short seasons.

As far as root crops, we grow beets and carrots. For flavor, size, and keeping qualities, we like Lutz, a beet that is no longer easy to find because it's appearance isn't up to supermarket standard. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p258/Lutz_Green_Leaf_Beet%2C_Winter_Keeper%2C_Longkeeper.html  But until we are able to provide a bed with metal screening on the bottom and sides, the risk of losing the crop to gophers is high. When we grow potatoes, we put them in tubs for that reason. Peppers do best for us in tubs as well, and can be moved under cover in fall to keep ripening.

Not sure if this is the right thread for this, but here goes--
Here in California, it's good practice to mow the dead grass around our place to prevent fire from spreading in the neighborhood. We have several homes along a grassy slope, and should fire start anywhere along the slope, it would spread to the other homes in short order. So we all agree to cut the meadow grasses once they're dry.

We had a pile of straw from scything the hillside. The idea was that it could be kept there all summer until needed for either mulching or composting. We put down cardboard and piled the straw on it. Then the really unusual happened. We got rain in July. Never happens in our Mediterranean climate--but it did.

We didn't think anything about it. Until the straw pile burst into flame.
Turns out the rain started microbial activity, and in the 100-degree heat the pile got so hot it spontaneously combusted.

I'd seen wood chips start to smoke, and I'd read about coal ships burning when the coal got wet in the hold. But I never expected a small pile of straw to burst into actual flame. It spread quickly, melted part of the greenhouse, and ran through what grass was left. Luckily, a neighbor happened to be looking right at the spot when it burst into flame, so the alarm went up immediately and while neighbors were stamping on it, we ran a hose to it and got out shovels and hoes. When the fire department got here, it was out--but only because someone happened to see it as it happened. We are 16 miles from town, on mostly dirt road. It takes quite a while for help to arrive.

We only have an acre, but were working on the other side of the house and would not have seen it in time to stop a disaster. It was already licking at the base of a large tree when stopped, and that tree touched another tree, all through our neighborhood. The wind was blowing in the direction of that chain or trees and houses.

So that is another downside of concentrating organic matter in a pile, especially if you are not actively managing it daily.

The PNW is a good place for the perennial vegetables from Maritime Europe, like Good King Henry, Alexanders, and Lovage.

Most of the above are basically wild plants that have been grown by humans, but not selected into many agricultural varieties. There are more of those to try, like Blood Sorrel, Watercress, and Salad Burnet https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p488/Salad_Burnet.html . I would especially recommend Erba Stella, AKA Minutina or Staghorn Plantain. It is much more mild flavored and pleasantly crunchy. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p261/Erba_Stella%2C_Minutina.html


There are things that are from the Mediterranean that will grow at low elevation in the PNW like Turkish Rocket and Stridolo https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p587/Stridolo_%28Sculpit%2C_Silene_vulgaris%29.html

Perhaps the most useful set of plants are those that are familiar crops with perennial tendencies that growers don't usually exploit:
Perpetual Spinach is a perennial chard. It gives more meals per sq ft than any crop I know. Basically, it's a domesticated version of the wild Sea Beet, which is rare, and not so widely adapted. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p9/Perpetual_Spinach_%28Leafbeet%29_Chard.html

Others on this list would be Salsify, Perennial Arugula, and Chicory, both the wild or forage types and the less-refined domesticated ones like "Trieste Sweet" and "Catalogna." Depending on location and management (as well as the genetic potential of the seed you happen to get) this list might also include cardoon, fennel, and collards. My Old Timey Blue Collards have proven perennial in my location.

Asian varieties that are reliably perennial include Evergreen (Nebuka) bunching onion, Talinium,(Jewels of Opar) and that common ornamental, hosta.

Native American perennial vegetables that can be grown from seed include Sochan, from the Eastern deciduous woodland, which might be adaptable to life under vine maples or alders, and Miner's Lettuce from California. There are also a host of tubers, bulbs, and rhizomes used by Native Americans, like Jerusalem Artichoke, Camas, Brodeia, Yampa, and the various things lumped together as "groundnuts."

Living with only boat or floatplane access in Alaska, I used trees in several ways in the henhouse.
During winter, when there were no fresh weeds to give them, I cut hemlock branches for my hens. (Hemlock the forest tree, not the poisonous herb.) The needles are full of vitamin C (and make a nice tea for humans, which sailors used to prevent scurvy.) The hens would strip the needles off the branches and relished them. It kept the hens happy and nourished, and kept the egg yolks nice and colorful too.

I also collected fallen alder leaves whenever I could find dry ones. Sometimes I'd row to small islands to collect them where alders overhung the shoreside rocks. They make outstanding bedding. Chickens evolved in jungle ecosystems, scratching in the forest duff--mostly fallen leaves. Because they can scratch the leaves and mix them so effectively, I never had trouble with manure caking and accumulating on top of the bedding, as I have had with straw. I used big garbage bags to keep them dry for winter bedding. (If they get wet, they make great compost, but aren't an absorbent bedding.) I did the same with dead beach grass--collect it during frozen-dry periods in winter for use as bedding. It was great because it didn't have weed seeds in it, but not as mixable, scratch-able, and spreadable as leaves.

I have comfrey all along the shady side of the chicken run, outside the fence so they can eat whatever they can reach but not scratch up the crowns.

And I've found that having to find something fresh for the hens is a good incentive to do the things I might otherwise put off in the garden, or leave for one occasional marathon, like weeding. I few weeds a day keeps the chicks happy, the egg yolks nice and bright, and the garden in better shape.

I'm indebted to no-dig maestro Charles Dowding for the insight that as soon as the lower leaves of a plant start to yellow, they send a chemical signal to slugs and snails and earwigs and such that there is decaying vegetation for them to eat. Once there, they keep going, eating good foliage as well.  Breaking off those lower leaves as they start to senesce gets rid of slug problems in two ways: it removes their preferred habitat and it physically removes a lot of slugs and snails as well. Which are extra treats for the chickens. Ain't nature grand?

One trick I've used to get a free protein source for my hens is to lay a piece of old cardboard in their run--the shreddier and older the better. It it's new, or the weather is very dry, get it good and wet first. Let it sit for a few days, then call the hens and lift it quickly. Usually there are hundreds of roly-poly bugs under there, which the chickens love to chase and eat. Rotten wood works too.

Most legumes (beans, peas, lentils) are high-protein but hens can't digest them raw and unsprouted. You can sprout them yourself, or you can scatter them during fall and spring rains to sprout naturally. I find that the chickens always search them out and eat them as soon as they are an inch or two high.

Sunflower seeds add a lot of good fat and protein to their diet. These oilseed sunflowers are easy to grow and produce lots and lots of seeds from multiple manageably-sized flowers. I have not had to stake the plants as I would with Mammoth, or other large-seeded types. It works well to grow them just outside their run. I like to throw a dried seedhead in for them to peck and entertain themselves with, rather than bothering to thresh them out of the heads. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p141/Oilseed_Sunflower.html

I haven't noticed anyone mentioning perennial Maximillian Sunflowers.  anything perennial is always a plus, and these grow vigorously to make a thick stand in most parts of the country. Some people have found them to be deer-resistant as well. They can be planted along the run for early greens,. winter tubers, and the many small seeds after flowering in Fall. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p470/Maximillian_Sunflower.html  
Jerusalem Artichokes are also a sunflower (with very small seeds and flowers.) I haven't tried feeding the tubers to chickens; they may need to be cooked. It would be an easy experiment to try, and they multiply like crazy from one or two bought tubers.

Moving to grains, Amaranth is easy to grow in hot weather, very high-yielding (up to a lb a plant in good soil) and chickens love it. It has neither hull nor soapy coating (that coating is what makes quinoa hard to feed to hens.) And people like to eat it as well. Makes a nice polenta or breakfast cereal. Cut some of the heads and throw to the hens when the seeds start being loose enough in the head that you get some in your hand it you run your fingers over the seedhead. Those you want to store for later can be hung upside down over a tarp or sheet to dry. Golden Giant is highest yield, Fercita is a short-season alternative. https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p310/Golden_Giant_Amaranth.html
https://www.quailseeds.com/store/p82/Fercita_Amaranth.html

Millet is harder to grow for people because of the hull but chickens love it. (It's one of the main ingredients of bird seed mixes.) Sorghum is another hot-weather grain that is easy to grow and makes great chicken food. One of the big pluses with all these small grains is that they don't need to be cracked to be the right size for hens to eat. For a cool-weather grain for hens, barley or triticale are easy to grow alternatives to wheat, and subject to fewer diseases.

Finally, Mulberries are a traditional poultry-yard tree that gives summer shade, has edible leaves, and drops it's sweet berries a few at a time all summer rather than all in a glut. You can easily prune or pollard it for more and bigger leaves down where you can reach them, and unlike other fruit trees, it bears on new wood, so pruning doesn't prevent fruiting. I don't know about it's nutritional composition, but unless I lived in the tropics, I wouldn't mess with coddling tropicals like moringa when mulberries are so easy.