Compost or organic matter in general leads to a soil that is mildly acidic and good for most types of plants. Some types (pine needles, peat) are more acidic.
If you are trying to have raised beds with different pH, they can be pretty much next to each other. If the beds you want to vary are flat, then drainage patterns need to be taken into account to a degree.
If your soil is fill, it may not naturally convert to acid soil, or it may take a long time. The natural acid soils you describe got that way through the parent material (starting block for soil) which many be different for the fill you got. Then it probably was driven even more acidic by vegetation and biological processes (pine needles, peat, etc).
One thing that standard soil science over-relies on is the soil reaction or pH of liquid from the soil. They take what amounts to a huge average over time and space. Standard ag advice is to apply finely ground limestone to raise soil pH. But larger chunks of limestone will create micro-zones of higher pH around the particle even when the overall reaction of the soil is more acidic, and this effect lasts much longer. If the
roots are around these alkaline microzones and around other acidic microzones, the plant can draw nutrients from both types of environments at the same time!
Sulfur can damage the soil, depending on the amounts used and how fine the particles are - smaller particles act quicker due to high surface area and more reactivity. Sulfur is converted to sulfuric acid. In smaller amounts, it won't kill the soil but it will change it (which is the goal). In larger amounts, it will have more serious effects.