Ours had a barnyard and lots of little places to hide. They could go inside at any time, but there was no attempt to confine them. We probably did have losses. But I know that we ate chickens and eggs and no new birds were added that I know of.
I can totally see the benefit of confinement for manure purposes. People do that with goats. I had goats that ranged over a few acres, but they spent a lot of time in their shelter during the heat of the day or when it rained. This provided a concentration of nutrients for the garden. I did some cut and carry from long grass that grew in the ditch along the roadside.
When I was a kid, we had a
pond that was in a constant state of algal bloom, because of runoff from a neighboring farm yard. I used to rake the flotsam from the surface of the pond and the chickens went nuts on the bugs it contained. It's probably easier to feed ducks from a pond, but chickens can certainly benefit as well.
This thread has got me looking more seriously into checking out how people do free-range chickens in the tropics. I hope to have them ranging over as much as twenty-five acres soon. I will either get lots of chickens and eggs, or I will learn what types of animals eat chickens in that area. I want to have several dogs for my own security, so hopefully they will drive away stray dogs and two legged chicken thieves.
I talked to a group of men who were drinking in the
city of Cebu Philippines, and every one of them admitted to being a chicken thief in his youth. They do it on dares, as young boys will, but they didn't return the stolen chickens. They took them home and ate them. Most of them said that this was just something they did when they were out with their friends, but one said that his family really needed the extra food. The main thing here, is that out of a group of about eight guys, every one of them claimed to have been a chicken thief. They considered stealing motorcycles, goats and
cattle to be a bad thing, but chickens are sport. Farm workers earn enough in a day to buy one or two chickens. So you can see that there's more incentive in poor places.