Thanks, William. I saw some strategies for heating livestock waterers, specifically one using an old tire stuffed with an insulating material. I might be able to adapt this to use a more shallow container.
William Bronson wrote:Maybe search for solar powered live stock waterers?
If you are thinking of a photovoltaic heater, I think it would be hard pressed to keep up, especially since most birdbaths are not insulated,
A solar powered fountain might keep the water from icing over.
Running the water from the fountain through a solar thermal water heater could do the trick.