You could try some attractants. They sell queen pheromone, or lemon grass or lemon balm are said to help.
I caught one out of two that I collected this year. I pretty much did the same thing. One stayed the other
left. The one that stayed I put in a nook (5 frame) the one that left was in a ten frame brood box.
I was thinking about this very question. One solution I came up with is a cage for the queen.
If you have a drawn frame, you could make a hardware cloth box to trap the queen and press into the wax.
This would keep her in the super for a few days and fill it with her pheromone. Haven't tried it, but
I heard the some people use this method to introduce a new queen. Might work.
Pete