Adding fire clay to any standard mortar will significantly enhance its capacity to handle heat.
As for adding insulation, cob itself is something of an insulator, you just need to make it quite thick. My
cob oven is at least 8 inches thick, and thicker in some places. On top of that, there's an inch of plaster to seal it. All that mass heats up and then retains heat for a long, long time. I used a high percentage of
straw and sand in my mix, and the oven hasn't cracked. I've heated it up REALLY hot and kept the temp super hot for 48 hours to fire the oven. It got so hot that it charred the
wood skirt around the outside of the oven and bubbled the paint on the boards, but the clay itself is fired rock hard.
"The rule of no realm is mine. But all worthy things that are in peril as the world now stands, these are my care. And for my part, I shall not wholly fail in my task if anything that passes through this night can still grow fairer or bear fruit and flower again in days to come. For I too am a steward. Did you not know?" Gandolf