Your white cloudy substance may be kahm yeast, which is harmless but is not tasty. If your vegetable were submerged under the brine, the airlock is a secondary safety measure (but things to tend to float which opens a pathway for bacteria to colonize your entire batch). Weird smells i have noticed in batches of ferments that I have ended up pitching are "acetone" and "super cheesy" and colors I look out for are pink/purple, black, and green/blue (although that can be a good one in cheesemaking).
I also know that a lot of the barrel pickles I see in my area have a cloudy look to the brine they hang about it.
With brined ferments, it is often a matter of degrees. Degrees of safety measures (insuring a desired and safe result), degrees of tolerance for "unusual" flavors, degrees of time fermenting (shorter time allowing for fewer incursions by "baddies") etc. Even with beer or wine, there are undesired (by most, look up brettanomyces/the "barnyard funk" spoilage yeast) inoculations that, when controlled and moderated, can make for more complex final brews. But I think it is good to start from a baseline of understanding what you are aiming for before going rogue when getting into fermenting.
When it comes to blending fermented with unfermented, I think it depends on how you plan to store it. If you keep it cool
enough to prevent further fermentation, it
should not be an issue. You are however adding a new food source for the bacteria in your ferment so if it's at their preferred temp, they will get active and ferment the rest of the vegetables, which can lead to overflowing, exploding jars, etc etc. Keeping it cold would slow that process down dramatically.