Tiffaney I'd suggest flipping the cushions up into backrest form if possible any time you aren't using it, or for as long as the heat is tolerable. The cushions will definitely insulate the mass and cause significantly higher temps than RMH users normally see with one of those temp readers, or at least I've only ever seen people taking temps from exposed surfaces of the mass. Placing a cushion on top that traps in the heat for a couple hours, and I'd expect to see the mass surface temp higher than normal. Keeping the mass surface exposed most of the time will help there, as would anything that would allow air flow between you and the mass.
Perhaps you could break up just the top several inches of mass above the pipes, and then add a thin layer of perlite-cob, say an inch of it, where it's at least 50% perlite, then add back the last couple inches of normal cob. This would reduce (but not eliminate) the heat flow into the top of the mass, and also encourage the lateral heat flow into more mass that doesn't have that perlite in it. The top surface would also heat up eventually, but it might take long enough that your evening sits wouldn't need the cushions at all, if the primary use is heat shielding.
As for the wood support in the wall next to the mass, allowing the wood to heat up over 140F over time will lower the char point of the wood. I recall seeing a strawbale house (online) that had a RMH built against a wall with no air gap, and I'm not sure if it was months or a couple years, but eventually the strawbales in the wall caught fire and burned a significant portion of the house. So you definitely want to ensure an air gap between your mass and anything combustible. Even better IMO would be to use stand-offs to position a piece of material that quickly radiates heat away (typically a metal sheet), and leave a gap between the metal sheet and the floor, with an inch between the wall and the metal, and at least another inch between this heat shield and the mass. The floor gap allows fresh, cooler air to draw in as warmed air rises up and away from the mass and wall.
If a mass rebuild is an option, you could position the ducting pipes lower in the mass, so you can have more material between the ducting and butts. This will allow more time for some of that heat to move laterally into more mass, which should lower the temp on the surface directly above the pipes if all other variables are the same. I'd call this a distant second option if you find adding the perlite layer mentioned above doesn't help enough.
Another option would be to make thinner pads, maybe you could fill them with cotton clothes that you no longer are wearing? Instead of turning old t-shirts into rags, you can roll them up the way some do when packing a suitcase, and have them packed into a less-gicky cover that doesn't off-gas when warmed up?