Dale here: I'm not claiming any particular
rocket stove expertise, but I can assure you that granite is unsuitable as a replacement for firebrick.
I have cracked granite into thousands of little pieces just by using it as a campfire surround and I've seen it completely crumble after a barn fire. It would do the same thing in the extreme heat of a
rocket stove.
Firebrick are manufactured by breaking up fired clay into thousands of little pieces and then compressing these pieces together with fresh clay to make a brick. When this new brick heats and cools it acts like thousands of little bricks so that it doesn't fracture as one unit. Granite on the other hand will act as a single unit and it will break up. Also fired clay can handle higher temperatures than granite can.
If you go into craigslist or any of those other resale sites there are probably lots of free firebricks from demolished chimneys. I give away several tons of them every year.