Hi Karl, Using a RMH to explain thermodynamics sounds like a wonderful idea! Most people probably have not seen a RMH before so it will be an education in permaculture as well as heat flow.
A thermometer for the high temps inside the core can perhaps can use something like this one rated up to 2372 °F 1300 °C:
K-Type Thermocouple. I have not used any thermometer inside the core so I don't know how long it would last in such harsh conditions as Thomas pointed out.
I have seen a few people who have made a core with a side high temp glass window installed to see the fire and its flow for demonstration purposes.
This video at the 30 second mark shows an example of this:
intro from RMH DVD