Ceramic fiber board isn't great, but if you coat it in a zirconium based refractory coating it seems to eliminate the cons.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOZCI1Udzk4
Your mention of clay and perlite remind me of vermiculite board. It's vermiculite bound in clay. Harder to find in the US but I ordered some from Canada. I'm yet to build with it but I see fantastic results from our European builder friends.
Castable refractory is so finnicky that I wouldn't mess with the recipe outside of small scale tests. Make some samples and stick them in an existing afterburner to see how they fare!
The vendor for Missou Castable plus (a 3000 degree refractory) told me I could cast it as thin as half an inch. Wouldn't risk that with untested additives though.
I don't think you want voids in high heat areas by burning out styrafoam in refractory. There is so much emphasis on castables needing to be vibrated to eliminate bubbles since voids lead to weakness and maybe even explodingness.
Some of these ideas of combining insulating qualities and heat resistance qualities into one layer of castable may be asking a bit too much of the materials, but I'd be happy to be proven wrong if it means cheap reliable castable recipes!