I think of a guild as being a tree with medium, small, and groundcover plants supporting it, but I suppose any plants that grow better together are a guild!
To me, polyculture is what you're describing, and for me it's about what fits where without smothering/shading other things.
I suggest looking up John Jeavons for ideas about managing polycultures in time and space (not Star Trek, I promise!) I just ignore some of the more obessive detail...
First off, by beans do you mean 'green' beans or favas? Green beans are a warm weather plant and I imagine you'll be hard-pressed to get a crop before it gets too cold. Favas like cooler weather though.
I have always been told it's nigh-on impossible to successfully transplant carrots, and they and their cousins really need to be direct-seeded.
Large-seeded things like corn, squash, beans and root crops like radish, beetroot etc are
generally direct-seeded, although people sometimes start them in pots.
I like eating leaves, but maybe you don't?
Do you like Asian greens, Swiss chard, rocket (direct-seed), lettuce or spinach?
Calendula is a great flower for insects, and I imagine you can sow coriander. Leave some to flower, the small insects adore it. I find both of these are best direct-seeded.
Don't underestimate the value of leaving veges to flower. Brassicas are by far the most popular bee flowers in my garden
The only families I might actually avoid planting near each other are alliums and legumes, but I don't worry too much about it.
And I'd
definitely avoid mint in an annual garden; it totally takes over around here!