One looks something like a spinach.
One is a tall flowering plant with nice flowers.
One looks like it could be a solanaceae with big seed pods and a big root. I was thinking biomass/organic matter in the soil.
The flower (IMGS 1741 and 1742) looks like cosmos to me. The "weed" in 1739 looks like what I'd call "velvetleaf." And it's tough to say for certain what 1731 and 1732 are, but they sure do look like a pepper plants to me. Good luck!
the white flowers are cosmos for sure. Good for insects and they grow fast in poorish soil. I use them in with my sunflowers to shade out weeds. Bees love them and kids love to pick them. They will keep flowering all season.
The first ones do look like peppers to me as well.
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Good point on the four o'clocks, Miles. It is tough to tell. On closer inspection the leaves don't look quite right to be a pepper. Hard to tell. William, have the plants flowered at all?