Here's an oldie but goodie to inspire you (although not really answering your question):
https://permies.com/t/16792/thinking-incorporating-rain-collection-system
The issue is complicated if you can't give some idea of how much water, or how often this will happen.
In my climate, we need a really huge tank that might fill in the winter storms, but come possibly as early as April, we can get an inch or less of rain, so the tank simply will not overflow from early spring until mid-Nov. Yes, there have been some exceptional years, but they are once a decade or longer apart.
My Sisters' climate may get a summer drought, but is more likely to get a thunderstorm every week or 3, when their relatively small tanks overflow regularly. Many people still put barrels under their down spouts, but it is more to eliminate/reduce/delay flooding, than expecting it to hold most of the water.
If this were a regular occurrence, and you can use it effectively, it would be cool to generate a little electricity with the overflow (or possible, with the water before it reaches the tank, to capture more power.)
If you have lots of time and creativity, making it run some sort of Rube Goldberg creation would also be totally cool.
Beyond that, it sounds as if you need plants that either can survive boom and bust, or grow so incredibly quickly, that you can be sure they will go from seed to something useful or beautiful within a week or so. Building it like a wicking bed with a reservoir at the bottom, could give the plants much more time before the soil got too dry.