Hey Chris, welcome to permies! I experienced a lot of the questions you have. I also tried to glue seams in PVC and it just did not work.
I just read through the previous replies. Let me tell you a few things. One is that it does not matter how long a billboard tarp is exposed to the elements, it will still leach potentially toxic chemicals. (In fact the longer it is exposed to sun, the more readily it breaks down.) Not just from the printing ink (which is bad) or the antifungals (which are bad.) But also because the plasticizers in PVC itself are
an analog to human growth hormone. They readily leach into water. That means if you eat anything that swims in that water or grows from that water, you are feeding your body with artificial growth hormones. For most people that's no problem, but the rest could have weird side effects. (strange hair growth, acne, in some cases cancer.)
If you never intend to eat anything from that water, the news is still not good. The PVC cements will last a long time but not forever. Think pool floaties. That's basically what you are trying to do. Creating a giant pool floatie with no holes.
If you are going pond liner at that scale, your best bet is DuraSkrim. It is virgin polyethelyne with no plasticizers or side effects. It is UV stable, triple layered, and reinforced. It comes in very large sizes. It can be heat welded to make a watertight seam as strong as the material itself. It is expensive.
That is why the most popular and trouble free method is gleying. That's where you have a bunch of pigs wallow in your intended pond location until the soil is compacted. They basically act as a flocculant. This works best if your soil is heavy in clay or if you import bentonite clay. There's a lot of debate about whether bentonite is environmentally responsible but in truth you can't know unless you know the source.
If you don't have access to pigs you can gley by using organic matter such as grass clippings or straw, lay them in a thick mat over the pond bed, then suffocate them in order to make them anaerobic. They will break down into a gelatinous, watertight layer. You then put more soil over top to protect that layer and then you can fill the pond.
This is a complex issue but I hope some of that helps you.