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how-does-a-hydraulic-ram-pump-work
THE LONG
ANSWER TO A SHORT QUESTION- ITS ALL TO DO WITH
ENERGY
A hydraulic ram is a clever device invented over 200 years ago that can pump water uphill with no other external source of power except for the water flowing into it.
A ram pump lets you get that water to a tank or location at a higher elevation with a design that requires no electricity or fuel and only two moving parts.
There is little bit of foundational knowledge on the behavior of fluids. And this is something anyone can understand.
There are three types of energy that a fluid can have, and in civil engineering, we usually convert them to their equivalents as the height of a static column. This distance is called the head.
Understanding the energy in a fluid is how we solve a lot of engineering problems, because in most scenarios, the amount of energy stays the same, and the only thing that changes is what form it takes.
The
first type is head from gravitational potential. It doesn’t have an equivalent static column because it is a static column.
The head is just the distance from an arbitrary datum. This one is easy to demonstrate with a tank and tube. I can move this tube around wherever I want, but the level in the tube and tank are always going to be the same. They’re both exposed to atmospheric pressure at their surface and they’re not moving so there’s no velocity. It’s just pure gravitational potential.
The
second type of energy is pressure head. In this case, the head is the pressure divided by gravity and the density of the fluid.
So, if I close off the top of my tank and add some air pressure, the level in the tube goes up. The new height is the pressure head, the equivalent static column related to the pressure in the tank.
For a given pressure, a denser fluid like mercury will have a lower head compared to a lighter fluid like water because they have different unit weights.
A good example of measuring pressure head is a barometer. We live at the bottom of an ocean of air, and we like to keep track of the air pressure down here.
One of the easiest ways to do that is to measure how high the pressure can push a static column of a fluid, in most cases mercury.
The
final type of energy is velocity head, which relates to a fluid’s kinetic energy.
For example, I can convert a static column of water to one with some velocity, but I’m never going to get the fluid to a higher elevation than where it started… unless with the one exception.
we change the energy state that the water has.
The hydraulic ram pump takes does this beautifully, because a ram pump is essentially just two one-way check valves, one called the waste valve and the other called the delivery valve.
To get it started, you just momentarily open the waste valve to allow water to freely flow, then let the valve drop and the pump will start.
After that it’s working on its’ own to pump the water uphill above the elevation of the source. Pretty amazing.
Let’s walk through the path of the water to understand how it works.
First, as the waste valve opens, water flows into the pump and immediately out of the valve. But, as it picks up speed, the flowing water eventually forces the waste valve to slam shut.
Now the water is trapped inside the pump against the waste valve that closed in its face. The kinetic energy [ moving mass of water ] is converted to air pressure in a closed air chamber.
This pressure can cause water hammer and damage to pipes etc, but in the case of the ram pump though, that spike in pressure has a different effect.
It opens the second check valve and the pressure spike forces water into the delivery line. This process is cyclical, pumping some of the water and wasting the rest each time the valve slams shut.
You can see what’s happening here in real time: the pump is robbing some of the kinetic energy from the flow and imparting it to a smaller volume of water, which then leaps past a non return valve heading towards the elevated tank a small distance at a time.
It’s the redistribution of the energy that does the trick, converting low head [ pressure ]and high [ fast ] flowing into high head and low flow [ volume] .
The air chamber is included in the pump to smooth out those sharp spikes in pressure and provide a more even flow rate out of the delivery pipe, reducing wear and tear on the pump components.