Cob is a cheap, durable, sustainable building material for the walls, if you were to use the edges of the geodesic for anchoring your laths to spread the cob.
As far as a roof material, if you want to keep light coming in and rely mostly on natural lighting, polycarbonate sheeting is commonly used for skylights and greenhouses. It's not cheap though, but it's pretty durable and as far as sustainability, it can be recycled when its useful life is over.