Nice to hear from you Max!
If you want to follow the ASTM standard, it would be 5" cob (or 5" total masonry between the heat-exchange channel and the exterior surface), plus a 4" air gap to combustibles.
For just practical / structural purposes, about 4" of cob is about the thinnest most people can build successfully to support the hollow pipes inside a wall or bench. If you think of those 8" pipes as formwork for a masonry arch, you know you want the sides of the arch to be stout
enough to keep that pipe from collapsing outward.
-Erica