would I be able to us vermiculite to fill the mass of a couch over cob?
Vermiculite is an insulator.
What you need in your bench or couch is something which conducts and stores heat. Water is the best at this, but it can only be heated to 200°F. For the weight, dense fireclay brick does better than cob and it has the best price/performance if you don't count "free". That is why masonry heaters and pizza ovens are built with it.
The blog site in my signature has a chart of potential thermal mass materials which you can use to confirm this analysis.