It is possible. The design sounds good, but the inside diameter of the 'container' seems a little small. I can't tell exactly from the picture, but it appears to be around 2 feet in diameter. If you keep the tree small then it could work, though at that small of a size it would be easy to keep in a movable container.
Ice doesn't seem to instantly kill any of the citrus
trees around here. They get hard freezes inland pretty often in late winter, and even the beach gets an occasional hard freeze every couple of years. We do have the citrus greening disease killing off our trees, and a hard freeze will damage fruit, but the tree itself doesn't seem to have cold problems since the
roots and main branches generally don't get that cold. When it warms back into the 60's and the sun beaming down can feel more like the 80's then the tree only experiences a few hours of a hard freeze and many times it isn't multiple days in a row. Getting your micro climate to create these conditions
should increase the chances of success. Covering it during really bad or long freezes will be important. I have used a small
rocket stove to heat bricks which I threw under a canvas tarp to protect some sensitive plants in the past.
Given the citrus greening disaster going on here I have little interest in fighting a losing battle trying to grow citrus, but I have learned a couple things. Many citrus trees seem to have their fruit mature in late fall to early winter. Having an early frost could destroy those fruit before maturity. Something that bears more often or at a different time of year could bring better yields. Also something smaller that doesn't hang on the tree as long could be beneficial. Something like a Key Lime could be another option. They grow true to seed and the leaves also taste like a strong lime. Other citrus leaves I have encountered smell terrible
enough that I would not try tasting them, but the Key Lime leaves can be used to cook with. I made some rice once that I added a few leaves to and it came out rather well. This was right before I found out about the citrus greening disease that ended up killing my limes.
In any case, as long as you protect the fruit then you could get a good yield from the tree. The
root system will probably be substantial if it isn't vigorously pruned. I could easily see a tree planted inside that well busting the bricks apart if left to grow on its own. If you get anywhere growing the tree then it would be great to see pics!