Hi Weston; Welcome to Permies! And Welcome to the Wonderful World of Rocket Science!
Lets see if I can answer your questions.
1) You want 2700F heavy fire bricks and you probably will not find them at a box store.
You need to locate a Masonry supply house.
I don't know what larger city you are near, but pretty sure they will have one.
Masonry supply house will have firebricks in full and split, and they will have #50 sacks of fireclay.
One company that is popular out west, is Mutual Materials. Here is a link,
https://www.mutualmaterials.com/branches/missoula-mt/
Look to see what might be in your area.
Firebricks are around $2.00 each and fireclay should be about $10 a sack.
2)Pipe run on an 8" J tube is apx 50' with a 5' deduct on every 90 degree turn.
A 6" J tube is 30' .
3)Most barrel tops run 500F-800F One of my early builds was 1100F
So yes, they will boil water. They also will melt plastic handles and such, so care must be taken to use suitable containers.
Last but not least. Buy the builders guide!