Various forms of water containers have been used as thermal storage in greenhouses. What you describe sounds quite practical. I would keep the fill over the ducts to a minimum, with the barrels as close to direct contact as possible. I presume you are talking about steel barrels; plastic has obvious issues in this setup. If plastic, do keep some separation to avoid possible overheating next to the ducts.
Have you read the
Rocket stoves in Greenhouses thread? (Very long, lots of information.)