I think that we decrease the velocity of the water by spreading it out, while maintaining the same flow rate(cfs)
Correct. You can’t change the flow rate (which is determined by the source- typically snow/ice melt, or springs, and of course rain) unless you change the source.
Water will always take the path of least resistance, so I’m not sure about it going underground unless it already was. To the degree a dam creates pressure, it may force water into the ground to a small extent (very minor with a creek) but the water primarily is going to flow over the surface, meaning flooding/ponding. I can see where several of these brush ‘dams’ every so many feet would be very beneficial to trapping moisture in the surrounding
land by creating temporary floodplain.
I could also imagine slowing a creek down by articulating curves into its course.
It seems as though any increase in creek bank surface area is going to add friction and slow the flow down
This wouldn’t slow flow rate, but would decrease velocity and keep the water in that general area for a longer period of time.