Growing Mulch for a Forest Farm.

Growing Mulch for a Forest Farm.
How do you grow enough of your own mulch in order to establish thousands of newly planted trees and shrubs? That's one of the design goals we're attempting to meet for a 5 ha forest farm currently under development.


Design Overview

The farm is essentially an agroforestry system comprised of mixed species fruit trees, soft fruits and nitrogen fixing shrubs planted in "Rows," under-storied with support plants, herbs and perennial vegetables. Between the rows are the "Alleys". The alleys have potential to be used for growing hay, cereals, vegetables or rearing pasture raised poultry such as chickens or turkeys.

to view this post with photos and tables visit this link http://balkanecologyproject.blogspot.bg/2015/09/growing-mulch-for-forest-farm.html

What the mulch is for ?

There will be 2553 trees and shrubs planted across the site, The mulch will be needed for the first five years while the plants establish, and will conserve water, prevent weed competition and improve soil quality as the mulch slowly decomposes over the seasons. For the first five years the alley space will be dedicated to growing this mulch. After the fifth year when the trees and shrubs no longer require mulch the plan is to use the alleys for pasturing poultry.

The farm development has already begun and this year the soil improving cover crops were sown across the site to prepare the soil for planting. The trees are scheduled to be planted in the autumn and spring.

Normally for bulk mulch one would use straw, wood chips or compost (in a cool climate). For the first year we will be using straw, but I'm very interested in finding an on site solution for mulch production, and believe we should be able to supply the bulk of the mulch needed by cultivating grasses in the alleys.

What plants are best suited for mulch production?

I've been looking at perennial grasses that produce large amounts of biomass, that can grow on poor to average soils, are drought tolerant, ideally have C4 photosynthetic pathway, reproduce via rhizomatous growth and have seed ripening from late June onward. For this location, we also require plants hardy to -20 that have forage potential for future poultry operations. As well as the grass species we'll be including herbaceous perennial nitrogen fixers with seeding times that overlap with the grass species.

Selecting species

In my opinion the best place to start when selecting any plants for any site is to look at what is already growing on the site. Identifying the plants on the land is a great way to get to know your plants and your land. I'm pretty confident with European native tree and shrub identification, but not so confident with the huge diversity of Bulgarian herbaceous plants, so I contacted Rossen Vassilev from the Bulgarian Biodiversity Foundation to undertake a botanical survey of the herbaceous plants. His summer survey revealed 60 species growing on the plot, with 10 of those fitting the criteria for mulch production. My second port of call for plant selection was Uncle Google, where I came across Grass Portal an excellent resource having been developed specifically for researching the biomass potential of grasses. Grass Portal allows you to search for plants based on criteria including plants with C4 photosynthetic pathway (not including flowering times). I found a further four suitable species suitable from the Grass Portal database three of which were C4 plants.

Below are the plants subsequently selected for sowing in the alleys.


When and How to Harvest the Mulch.

You don't want to be applying hundreds of thousands of grass seeds at the base of tree crops. Grasses can be considered the arch enemy of young trees/shrubs and will generally out compete them for water and nutrients. To avoid this problem I am selecting plants that produce seed at around the same period and not before June. This way, the first cut can be made seed free and before the water and associated nutrient stress of summer kicks in. The second cut can be made as soon as the growth exceeds 1m in height. Depending on the weather in that particular season a third cut may be possible.

At this location June is the wettest month of the year, with July and August being the driest. Therefore I am planning for a mulch application every June following a heavy rain so that the ground is well soaked and the mulch can conserve the soil water and prohibit weed growth from competing with crops during the dry summer months. The mulch from the initial autumn planting should still be in place, although by June some plants will be making their way through the mulch. These plants will be pulled and applied to the surface along with the new mulch.

The mulch will be cut using a sickle bar tractor implement of 2.3 m width that can be attached to a compact utility tractor such as a John Deere 3250. Two passes with the sickle bar will leave a strip uncut that is left to provide extra habitat for beneficial invertebrates such as spiders and ground beetles. The strip can be cut every two years on alternate sides of the alley.


Potential issues

Grasses running into rows
I'm looking for plants that spread via rhizomes so that the vegetation develops and regenerates quickly however this may cause problems for the soft fruits and nitrogen fixing plants growing along side the alleys. A solution to this would be to place a proprietary barrier between the crops and the grasses, another could be clearing a 30 cm wide trench twice a year, this could also serve as a mini basin for water catchment.

Seed Dispersal from second cuts
It is unclear to me how fast the plants will flower following the first cut. It could be that with water stress kicking in during the summer the regrowth will bolt to seed. Close observation is required here and the second cut may have to be used for hay or hot compost to prevent seed dispersal.

Calculating how much mulch you need and how much mulch you can produce

Based on average data from local sources I have estimated that an average of 0.60kg per m2 (dried weight) can be harvested in a year. This includes two cuts being made per year.

The weight of a standard square bale = 19kg (based on an average dried weight of a bale) so it takes and area of 31.6m2 to grow enough vegetation to make 1 bale.

The area we have on the site for mulch growing is as follows

Alleys = 16112m2 = 510 bales
Meadow = 1846m2 = 55 bales

Total Bale production = 565

Using a third of a bale for each plant will cover 1695 plants which leaves us 858 plants still needing mulch. Mowings from the Inter Alleys (see diagram below) may also be used and we'll be experimenting with a 600m2 patch of Robinia psuedoacacia runners that will be mowed twice a year, when the growth is still soft and herbaceous, and see what biomass we receive from this.

We'll make up any shortfalls from spoiled straw and municipality green waste.

For some ideas on growing mulch in your garden see my previous post here.

If you have any suggestions for other plants we could use or ideas that you are using for mulch production please share with us in the comments section below.

Paul Alfrey
www.balkep.org

For this application you might consider broad leafed vegetable plants.
The first job of mulch is to shade the soil, the second is to prevent evaporation and the third is to add nutrients via decomposition.

What you are describing is a system that forgoes the first job for the most part.
On your site the photo shows what I would term an orchard instead of forest.
Why not broaden the concept to be more food forest oriented?

In my orchard we plant vegetables in the runways and paths are relatively non existent as dedicated pathways, instead they are meandering through the raised beds of vegetables the fruit trees have ample room for their roots to thrive as well.
by going more to the food forest concept the water needs of the orchard are reduced.
When we chop down the vegetable plants at the end of harvest, they are left, dropped around the root areas of the trees where they grew.
We use straw for any extra mulch needs, since it can be left in place and just planted through the next spring.

Paul, it certainly looks like you have done quite a bit of research along the lines of growing a chop and drop mulch. I would think that Bryant has a good point, however, if I am correctly understanding him to be suggesting some consideration of living mulch.

Seems that some well chosen low-growing plants that are compatible with the trees and not competitive, as the grasses are, could a) reduce your overall mulch needs b) reduce grass encroaching on your trees c) provide an ongoing yield while your tree crops are developing and d) reduce your overall work load.

Yes Peter, that is exactly what I was suggesting, it works very well with our orchard giving us much more food than just the fruit trees in the same space.
Little sunlight hits the soil anywhere except for the pathways and those are now covered with a clover mix, we keep the grasses to the pastures since those are food for our hogs, chickens, geese and ducks.

If you have access to it, I would plant Comfrey. It quickly became my favorite plant. For sheer biomass it would be hard to beat, and it covers large areas with its enormous leaves, so you keep the ground covered while it's growing and have fantastic mulch to cut several times a year. It seems like the best of both worlds. You grow the mulch you want, and to Bryant's point, it's great living cover.

Thanks for your replies

Planting under the trees is a great idea and something we practice in our forest gardens when the trees are in the 3rd - 4th yr after planting. I like to apply a generous dressing of compost each spring for the first 2 yrs (more if the starting soil is poor) and cover this with a thick mulch after the spring rains in preparation for a typical summer of 8-12 weeks without rain accompanied with average temperatures of 35 C. I'll water the trees with 20-30L of water once or twice during the dry season.

On this site the soil is poor and water is scarce so we want to give the trees a good start using good compost , applying a good mulch thereby retaining moisture and avoiding water competition with other plants. Between the trees and shrubs in the "Inter Rows" we are planting support species of drought tolerant herbaceous plants, as the system develops i.e soil conditions improve and water harvesting strategies kick in, the support plants should spread to fill the entire area under the trees by which time the mulch will not be needed.

Comfrey is indeed a great plant but does require lots of nitrogen and water, without irrigation in a dry summer it will soon wilt.

Cheers

Paul

Paul A : Possibly to be used for mulch in addition -are any number of semi aquatic Plants like cattails, and rushes. When you use these type of plants you Are Not

introducing a lot of weed seeds that will find a suitable home for themselves while still providing cover, water retention, weed control, and additional organic material

for soil growth ! It has worked for me ! Big AL
.