Dry garden -- first attempt (summary)

This year I tried a dry garden test, with the goal of watering only every other week. So not technically "dry" farming, but a start.

I have an area to the east of my house that gets approximately 7 hours of direct sun. The only things growing there are a couple of concord grape vines, so I decided to do a double test. (Dry garden, and no irrigation on the vines--previous years they have been watered deeply once a week.)

The area has no supplemental irrigation unless I bring it in. My water tanks are there, so I used them for watering. The "soil" is sand and rock. It was lawn up until a few years ago when I stopped watering it. Why bother watering lawn when no one uses the space and no one can see it? Last year I dug down into the ground in June or July and it was bone dry at least two feet down. "Organic" matter is limited to approximately the first inch of soil, with nothing below. This area is an old river bed.

So last fall I covered it with a thick layer of leaves. In the spring I planted probably close to fifty seeds. I used seeds from a pseudo-dry-garden test last year, where I just dumped the seeds in the ground in an area that got some overflow from the lawn sprinklers. So I planted second generation seeds that had accidentally been selected for dry conditions. About half came up. Some of my seedlings were killed by insects, some by frost. Of those that came up and survived, nine have actually fruited. Another two currently have female blossoms. Those that survived and fruited will be my seed for next year.

I watered between two weeks and one month apart.

Conclusions:

Better to start with drought tolerant seeds if you can, but I just used what I had. Squash was probably not the best option for a first test. I made some mistakes with the watering and shade, meaning I planted the majority of the plants in an area with only 7 hours of full sun (which I thought would be sufficient). The sun made much more of a difference than I expected, and many of the plants are just getting their first blossoms. Those in full sun did much better. Mid-season I also started watering exactly two weeks apart, without paying attention to the plants, so I think they got more water than they technically needed. Water the whole area if possible rather than spot watering. They did much better with a sprinkler than a hose, probably because much of the water drains straight down with the hose. You want to water the whole root-mass if possible.

Those that have fruited:
Two mini pumpkins (1 pumpkin on each)
Three zucchini (still bearing, mostly on one plant, in flushes, four to six at a time)
One butternut (1 squash, now ripe)
One spaghetti squash (1, ripening)
One watermelon (1, ripening)
One winter squash (1, ripening)

In most cases the fruit are ripening faster and smaller than expected. The pumpkins are the normal size for the variety.

I consider this a qualified success, but certainly enough to try again next year. At this point the Concord grapes are ripe and they smell amazing! :)

***Next year I'm considering tepary beans for my dry garden, but I've never grown them so I'm hesitant. I don't know their habits. I still want to find something that can grow "dry" in that semi-shaded area where I did most of the dry garden this year.

Very useful information, especially the amount of sun exposure needed at your latitude.

Lauren, this is great information.  And it's good to embrace where we are, the soil we have, and the conditions we are given.

Something I learned from Permaculture is to use extra thick mulch, like 6 inches that will shrink down to 4" and maintain that thickness.  

For perennials and tomatoes it is good to get the water to go straight down, get it as deep as possible, then it is "stored" and the roots will go down after it.   But I see you are noticing that shallow watering everywhere is working for the squash.

Are you using manure?

Cristo Balete wrote:Lauren, this is great information.  And it's good to embrace where we are, the soil we have, and the conditions we are given.

Something I learned from Permaculture is to use extra thick mulch, like 6 inches that will shrink down to 4" and maintain that thickness.  

For perennials and tomatoes it is good to get the water to go straight down, get it as deep as possible, then it is "stored" and the roots will go down after it.   But I see you are noticing that shallow watering everywhere is working for the squash.

Are you using manure?

The mulch was a foot deep in the fall, mulched down to about 3 inches. Mostly compression. I'm hoping the earthworms will find their way back to this area and start working on it. There were earthworm mounds in the spring about 20 feet away, so I can hope. :)

Dry farming is primarily about root mass. The plants have to spread their roots out to find the water that exists. It also helps if the soil has something in it to hold the water. This "soil" is primarily sand, with a good percentage of rock, so that makes a huge difference in the hold and spread of the water. If I had better soil the center watering would probably work. I just noticed that for me, in this situation, the overhead watering of a larger area worked better.

No, I'm not using any kind of fertilizer. Just the leaves. At this point, in the third "selection" generation, I want only the strongest to survive and produce seeds for the next generation.

When everything dies I'll compost the plants, leaving the roots in the soil, and cover with another layer of leaves.

There are many gord-type plants that grow along the highways in Arizona. The pavement acts as a water collector, an unintended rainwater harvester.

Squash plants provide their own shade to prevent the drying action of the direct sunlight away from the soil. I would be interested to hear how your dryland squash fares in the full sunlight.

For water hungry plants, you could consider adjusting the 'lumpiness' of your garden to direct the natural rainfall to areas where you plant varieties that require those 'little extra' amounts of water.

See Brad Lancaster's excellent series of books on Dryland Rainwater Harvesting techniques. Available on Amazon and at permaculture sites everywhere!

https://www.harvestingrainwater.com/about/

I live on the Pacific Wet Coast, so the "sun" season is also the "drought" season. When we moved here 20 years ago, the former owner irrigated most of the property constantly. I knew I had neither the time nor the will to do so, but didn't want to kill the fruit trees. I started to water them less often each year, but made sure that when I did water, I watered slowly overnight so that the water went deep, and now it is rare that I water the apple trees at all - maybe once in the middle of the drought period if it's a particularly long one. The plum tree I planted needs more organic matter in the soil and is in a *very* dry spot with competition from a cedar hedge. Even so, I only watered it twice this year, but did so deeply. Mulch has its downsides here, because we get a lot of moisture as dew in August and Sept before the rain usually comes. That said, I'm going to try to expand on its companions (a friend just gave me some comfrey roots which will be part of that), and try to get wood chips incorporated into the soil.

From this experience, I see irrigation as a balance - none and I may get no harvest, daily and I waste time, water, and the energy to pump that water. If I watered more, I know I would get more and larger fruit on some of the trees, but that said, I also think that trees that have to work to make their fruit are likely to produce fruit with more flavour and micro-nutrients. I'd rather plant more trees and use less water to get the volume of food, rather than have large, anemic produce.

Lauren Ritz wrote:

I have an area to the east of my house that gets approximately 7 hours of direct sun.

Sun is a huge factor! I live beside a huge cedar and fir forest and I'm constantly watching exactly where the sun is at what time of the year. Many things that local friends can grow just don't get enough sun on my land, so I have to choose carefully what to plant. That said, east sun is particularly helpful, and west sun can cause overheating and worse drying out, at least in my ecosystem. Some plants are more tolerant of that west sun and more appreciative of the heat. Your observation of your plants is just as critical as the continued improvement of the soil, and your goal of drought tolerant seedlings. Keep up the good work!

This year I planted the descendants of those first zucchini, but in full sun rather than the partially shaded area. Again they got munched on, but I have two survivors. I also planted tepary beans, which are showing no signs of water stress. Slugs loved them, so I ended up with about half of what I planted. The dry garden was planted the beginning of June. I watered the zucchini for the first time this week, not because they were drought stressed but because they were being eaten alive by squash bugs. I drowned six, but there's at least one still in there because I'm still finding eggs.

No sign of blossoms yet on the dry garden zucchini, but the others in the main garden only started blooming two weeks ago and they were behind last year as well. A pepper and a tomato are still tiny (planted as a test to see if they would survive). I watered the pepper last week as it started to wilt rather badly and it's only a few feet from the tomato so the tomato probably got watered by default.

Everything was planted in pits dug into my native sand, covered with a deep leaf mulch. I have provided shade from the western sun. The grapes are again doing great with no water at all. I cut off water to the almond and partially cut it off to the plums. I notice the actual quantity of fruit is the same but many of the fruits are smaller.

I didn't realize I hadn't updated this.

Dry garden zucchini in the leaf area did OK but didn't really produce, probably because of the squash bugs. Both plants were still alive at the end of the season, though, as were the tomato and the bell pepper.

The tepary beans absolutely thrived without being watered, but no blossoms until just before the first frost in October so no beans. I'm still not sure why. The seeds were a mixed batch, from three different sources, so likely something environmental.

The other dry garden is a parkstrip area (deep woodchip mulch, between the sidewalk and the street) and did amazing. We got watermelons, pumpkins, jerusalem artichoke and tomatoes with no culinary water at all. It got watered when I checked the sprinklers in the spring and before anything went in, and wasn't watered the rest of the season.

One tomato in another area fruited with little to no water, all the water being diverted by other plants. By the time I saw it and realized the problem it was just a dry stick--with a ripe tomato on it. I pulled the tomato off and ate it. :) It produced perhaps half a dozen fruits throughout the season. I smashed the last one on the ground and hope something will come up there in the spring.

Next spring I'm hoping to transition more of the yard to dry garden. The majority is now deep mulch and I have a few plants that seem to thrive under these conditions--watermelons and pumpkins, primarily, although I'm going to try oats and barley as an "ornamental" clumping grass. I'll keep trying others and collecting seeds from those that live.

Awesome post. Since my soil is also mostly sand, I'm glad to read about your success.

This winter I've been burying pieces of old wood throughout the garden with hopes of them holding on to some of the water when the spring rains come. Next summer/fall I think I'll follow your example of saving the seeds from the hardiest plants that do the best without irrigation.

I have come to the conclusion that leaves disintegrate too fast. Both dry garden areas need to be under woodchips, or the leaves need to be much thicker.

This year I planted pumpkins in both dry garden areas. By mid-July, the dry garden area under leaves was showing definite signs of stress. Part of this I think is because of the insanely high UV this year (11-12 most days, 6-8 is normal) but as the plants died I realized I could see bare soil underneath. They're still thriving in the area under woodchips.

Still, three out of four plants survived to mid July with 0 water, so I count that as a win. I watered them this week. Next load of woodchips I bring in will cover the 2nd dry area so I can do a side by side comparison with the same situation next year.

Tomatoes in the dry areas do great. They're blooming like mad and starting to set fruit, in the same circumstances as the pumpkins.

Next year I will do pumpkins in the catchment areas so they'll have slightly more water in the spring, and do the rest with watermelons and tomatoes, probably with a few peppers thrown in to see how they do with 0 water. I'm testing out one crop at a time.

I am working on covering the "leaf" area with woodchips. Yay for Chipdrop!

We had an exceptionally dry fall, winter, and spring, which probably contributed to the plants struggling where the soil wasn't completely covered (leaf area). Echinacea and irises are struggling in some areas and a few of the echinacea have died, which is OK. They'll drop seeds and hopefully the next generation will be better adapted.

I watered the parkstrip area last week (five minutes, overhead), as one of the tomatoes has apparently died and the pumpkins were struggling even with partial shade. So they went most of May, June, July, and most of August with 0 water. I think I'm winning. Once a month deep watering appears to be sufficient for the fruit trees, except for the walnut, and the grapes aren't getting watered at all. I am considering converting the parkstrips to drip, but I'm not sure I want to go to the trouble if I'm only going to water them once or twice per season.

I planted pumpkins and other squashes in the catchment areas last week. Watermelons I just scraped back the mulch and scattered the seeds, rather than transplanting. I think those that come up will do better than the transplants last year.  Tomatoes will also be going in, along with extra bell peppers. If they don't survive, nothing is lost.

The 2nd dry garden area is under deep woodchips and I am experimenting with direct seeding tomatoes there.

Thanks for the update, Lauren. It might interest you that I recently read somewhere (maybe somewhere here on permies, but I can't attribute is as I honestly can't remember where) that squash that is grown without added irrigation, lasts longer in storage than artificially irrigated squash. That actually doesn't surprise me. We tend to get summer droughts, and I have friends that water their plants a lot who complain that my fruit is "small" and it would be "bigger" if I'd just water more. That said, they then admit that my fruit tastes more intense and interesting - duh! Bigger isn't always better! (I do water a little, particularly when we have a bad drought, but I try to water less often, and deeply when I do, to encourage the plant to put down deep roots and work for a living.)

Good luck with your experiment this year!

Doesn't surprise me either. Grapes are amazing dry farmed. I didn't water the plums or almonds at all last summer, and while I got less fruit (I'll water them once a month this year) the fruit had a much more intense flavor.

The dry garden zucchini matures faster, same with yellow squash, and comes on in flushes rather than one at a time. The fruits mature smaller, but the one zucchini that I did save last winter (a year ago) lasted into mid February. Might have lasted longer, but I cut into it. :)

I am trying to slowly transition to a 0 water landscape and garden.

Last year I got (or someone got) five pumpkins and three watermelons from this area. Others were on the plants when they died. We also got a continuing supply of zucchini and yellow squash from the "catchment" areas.

I decided to water the fruit trees the first of each month. So far, so good. I put in "drip" to the catchment areas since it's been so dry this year, but I won't turn that on unless they show signs of stress.

The zucchini in the parkstrip (catchment area) died, but 15 watermelons are thriving. Also the sorghum is doing great. We'll see how the season goes, but based on current performance I think the sorghum is going to be another dry garden staple. Pumpkins did not come up from seed so I will be replanting. The area that I started with, which gets 7 hours of sun, is now my spring garden. I'm letting lettuce, spinach, cilantro, mustard and other greens naturalize.

I didn't have any extra peppers or tomatoes, so when I go out next I'm going to "rescue" some from the big box stores and pop them in the dry garden area.

Next year I think I'll try sweet potatoes again, and add amaranth or quinoa. Oats seem to be doing OK naturalizing in the forest garden, so maybe those as well.