Actually, most civilizations over time had sustainable living practices. It's only recently that a few societies have discovered UN-sustainability and how they can use it to explode their populations. The highlanders of New Guinea, who raise pigs and sweet potatoes and do a little fishing, hunting and gathering in the
local forests, have been living in this sustainable fashion since they settled the island maybe 40,000 years ago. I'm not sure how civilized they are considered to be; cannibalism was practiced until into the 20th century, and they don't have a written language -- but they do have the sustainability part figured out.
If you look at any sedentary population, one that stayed in one particular location and adapted to the rhythms of that
land, you will see
permaculture principles at work. They took advantage of seasonal crops, encouraging the ones that tasted good and worked at getting them to proliferate. If they had settled in an arid area, they paid attention to how to have a dependable
water supply, and that may have required moving some dirt. If there were animals that they came into contact with frequently and they could domesticate them, they did. In addition, their building materials and the fibers they crafted into clothing were of local origin, something that falls under the broader umbrella of
permaculture. They were much less concerned with theories of economics and Competitive Advantage and how they could maximize their wealth by trading in the Free Market.
But now that Modern Industrial Civilization has taken over in a large part of the world, and it provides our food, clothing, and
shelter on the factory model, our view has been distorted. We now see UN-sustainability as normal and it is
permaculture and sustainability that needs to be explained. If you look at cultures as varied as the Inuit to the
Chumash of California to the Polynesians scattered across the Pacific islands, you can identify permaculture activities being carried out. What you won't find much of is factory production organized to maximize quarterly
profit statements.