I don't know about "clumping" cat litter, or what they add to make it clump, but plain unscented no additives cat litter is a great source for small amounts of bentonite, which absorbs so much water I was astonished. A little goes a long way, but it would never substitute for a truck load of clay,or bags of bentonite.
The pond I have is dug into mostly clay, and I want the water to seep some to water the surrounding ground, so a pond liner is not for me.
Using cat litter diluted to the consistency of "snot" is usable for
cob building, but that is the extent of my
experience.