how to match the handsewing needle to the thread?

I bought some of this thread, but my hand sewing needles are too small.  I can get it in the eye with much effort, but it abraids the thread as I sew because it's too skinny a needle.

I usually sew with a 10 between.  What short-ish needle will work with this thread?  

How do you know how thick a thread is before you buy it?  

That looks like some lovely handmade thread. The item description says: thread thickness 40x3 - size 40, 0,04 mm. I found an article that suggests this is derived from Japanese factories. The 40 is equivelent to US 40WT and the 3 is the number of piles used to make the thread.

This article suggests “90/14 for 40 weight threads” for sewing machines.
This article suggests “ If your thread is heavier, 40, 30, 28 or 12 wt, use a larger needle:  90, 100, 110.” for hand sewing.

I feel like a total charlatan because I knew absolutely nothing about sewing until a couple of weeks ago and I think researching this, I’ve just doubled my knowledge . . . And realised how confusing this all is.

I’m sure an expert will come along and give a way better answer.