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Solar panel angle for grid tie vs. summer offgrid vs. yearround offgrid

 
Douglas Campbell
Posts: 159
Location: Nova Scotia
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Hi;
The standard recommendation for solar panel angle is your latitude;
ex. 45 latitude; 45 angle from horizontal
Panels work best when perpendicular to the suns rays, so 45 from horizontal is a
a compromise between summer (45 + 23 = 68) high angle sun with optimal panel angle of 22 from horizontal, vs.
winter (45-23 = 22) low angle sun with optimal panel angle of 68 from horizontal.

But I do not think the latitude angle works best for typical situations.
i) Grid tie:  This depends upon the utility deal.
My jurisdiction pays 1:1 for energy exchange, cand cancels any excess export above consumption  to 0 at the end of the year.
I should  maximize annual production up to consumption, at minimum capital cost.
In my climate that means a lower panel angle, towards summer optimum, because that maximizes annual production per panel & racking.
Coincidentally, bungalow roofs are less than 45, and so approximate a good summer angle for 1:1 grid tie.
From the utility point of view, they would prefer me to maximize winter production when demand is higher here; eventually regulations will likely push that way.

ii) Summer use off grid: similar to grid tie; optimize near the summer angle to minimize investment in panels & racking required.

iii) Year round off grid:  panels near winter angle will maximize scarce winter production, and shed snow better.
The cost of panels is now low,  so 'wasting' panels in summer is not a big detriment.
But panels need racks, and rack costs have not decreased, even if home built.

 
Phil Stevens
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Location: Ashhurst New Zealand (Cfb - oceanic temperate)
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It doesn't matter too much as long as you're within 10-20 degrees of your latitude (for equator-facing panels). The biggest advantage I've found from a greater angle is that they stay cleaner. The close your panels are to horizontal, the more they tend to accumulate dust, pollen, bird poop, and other things that get washed off by rainfall (snow is not an issue here). My biggest problem is lichen and moss, and those don't seem to care much about the angle.

An interesting side note is that some people are using vertically-mounted bifacial panels facing E-W and using them in conjunction with a traditional equator-facing array. This adds big shoulders in the morning and afternoon to extend the midday peak period.
 
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