Nicole,
I think that your stove is
cast iron. This means that the metal in your stove can tolerate temps higher than steel. This is important for the next part I am going to suggest:
- A big stack of rocks/bricks on top of your stove would hold a lot more heat than the same stack next to the stove
- if you stuck
cob between the rocks/bricks it would hod even more heat
(I would not suggest this for steel - too much chance that the steel would spall)
And now for my very controversial suggestion: at night, close the damper entirely and do not run a fire. Instead, get your rocks nice and hot before bed.
When you try to run a fire while you sleep, you will put a giant log in and hope it burns for 4 to 8 hours. Often turning the damper down. This will run your 75% efficient
wood stove at 3% efficiency. And when the fire goes out, air will continue to move through the
wood stove. It looks like you have an external air intake, so your
wood stove will have zero fire, but cold air will be pulled in, warmed by the room, and rise out of the building. So your
wood stove will operate at a sort of "negative efficiency" - making you colder in the morning.