A topic near and dear to my heart! I use rehabilitated jars from the store to do the majority of my preserving (a necessity when new bottling jars are priced at $2-6 each!), and have developed a process for removing labels:
1) Attempt to remove the label by peeling up one corner. If it doesn't come away cleanly--stop immediately
2) Pour HOT water inside the jar, being very careful to not let any water touch the label. Let stand for 30s or so, and gently lift a corner of the label--you'll need to remove the label slowly to avoid bars of glue stuck to the glass. This works for certain kinds of petrochemical glues--and labels that come off easily this way are the very devil to remove with scrubbing and solvents if you make the mistake of getting the label wet! If this doesn't work:
3) Soak the jar in warm water. The label may pop off if you're lucky, if not, use the backside of a butter knife to scrape away as much of the paper as possible, returning to the soak as needed
4) Use a citrus-based solvent. Nicole Alderman mentioned that she'd read about this option on the first page. Because a small bottle of citrus solvent can run >$30 (and they aren't required to say what other than citrus oil is contained therin!), I have started making my own. There is an abundance of local citrus in the winter and spring, and I zest any I have prior to use to save up for making my own (food safe!) goo remover. Thoroughly zesting citrus also means that I can compost the rind, as the very chemical you are removing from the peel (principally D-Limonine) is the one that is harmful to worms and other good bugs in the compost heap
Making your own citrus solvent:
Zest your citrus thuroughly (preferably with a zester, but you can cut the outer bit off of the pith with a knife as well)--store in freezer until you can complete the next step; this process doesn't work well with dried peelsSoak the zest in high-proof alcohol. Denatured alcohol may be an option for you, depending on what is used to do the denaturing. Locally, it is denatured with denatonium benzoate (most bitter compound known to science) and coloured with methyl purple to mark it as denatured alcohol. Unfortunately, methyl purple is a suspected carcinogen, so this option is out for me. Alcohol denatured with just the bitter compound or methanol would be safer to work with. As many people distill their own alcohol here (perfectly legal in New Zealand), it is possible to get heads and tails on the odd occasion for this purposeShake the mixture every day or so for a week or twoStrain out the peels (I like to then put them in vinegar to make a shower cleaner out of the not-quite-spent material; there's a lot of stuff hanging on between the peelings that is not possible to press out)The liquid is useful as-is in a spray bottle, but will work better if distilled in a pot still
The above may seem like a lot of work, but ~300 mL of ethanol and ~500mL of citrus zest made around 270mL of usable solvent (some of the alcohol was lost amongst the zest). The original 300mL bottle was able to remove difficult labels from over 150 jars and jar lids, so it's definitely worthwhile! Especially since it makes citrus peels compost much more readily and do much less harm to the fauna in the compost pile.
Alder Burns wrote:I have rehabilitated hundreds of jars, many scrounged from dumpsters and recycling centers, which had not only labels but often foul and dried food residue inside. I put them into what I called the "long soak" by filling a tub or barrel with water and sinking them down in there till there were jars sunken every which way most of the way to the top. Then start an ecosystem in the water with water plants and add some mosquito fish. Frogs and toads and such will find their way in too. Have the thing in at least part sun so that algae will grow nicely. Leave them there for a year. All the microbes and so on in the water will treat the gunk and the glue as food. When I finally fish them all out, mostly they will wipe and rinse sparkly clean!
I have done a more basic version of this with some jars and an old Pyrex dish--just leaving things out in the rain for 3-6 months is enough to do a serious number on stuck-on grit and grime (completely removed all the baked-on gunk from my lovely patterned Pyrex!) There are some types of labels I have found are harder to remove as they age in this way, though--but I wasn't paying enough attention to what they were like beforehand to get a good handle on what was going on exactly. Jars I've found in ponds etc are nearly impossible to clean out again, but this is likely because the local waterways run through a lot of limestone, and getting calcium scale off of anything is a challenge! I'll have to try this--I regularly have big buckets with drowning weeds (the naughty ones, like
Convolvulus,
Tradescantia,
Oxalis,
Agapanthus, and Cala lily which come up all over if I chuck them in the regular compost), and I could try dropping some jars in the bottom and see what happens--I'll report back!